Ômega 3 na gestação e os impactos na depressão pós-parto: uma revisão narrativa / Omega 3 during pregnancy and impacts on postpartum depression: a narrative review / Omega 3 durante el embarazo e impactos en la depresión postparto: una revisión narrativa

Objetivo: Evidenciar através de uma revisão integrativa os resultados clínicos atuais do impacto do consumo de ômega 3 frente a depressão pós-parto. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada no período de Fevereiro a Julho de 2023 nas bases de dados Pubmed, LILACS, Medline e Scielo. Resultados:Foi realizada uma busca pelos descritores em saúde determinados e foram selecionadas 5 produções científicas que atenderam os critérios de inclusão. De modo geral, os trabalhos mostraram relações com a saúde do bebê e da mãe. No bebê, observou-se aumento do crescimento intrauterino, maior resposta do sistema nervoso central, melhor desenvolvimento neural, de retina, imunológico, cognitivo e físico. Já na saúde materna, observou-se aumento no processo antiinflamatório, melhor resposta imune, melhora no efeito neurotrófico do cérebro, aumento do metabolismo, melhora hormonal, menor risco cardiovascular, menores distúrbios neurológicos (incluindo a depressão) e distúrbios visuais. Conclusão:Mais estudos são necessários para elucidar os benefícios da suplementação de ômega-3 em gestantes no pós-parto

Objective: To show, through an integrative review, the current clinical results of the impact of omega 3 consumption on postpartum depression. Method:Integrative literature review carried out from February to July 2023 in the Pubmed, LILACS, Medline and Scielo databases. Results:A search was performed for specific health descriptors and 5 scientific productions that met the inclusion criteria were selected. In general, the studies showed relationships with the health of the baby and the mother. In the baby, there was an increase in intrauterine growth, greater response of the central nervous system, better neural, retinal, immunological, cognitive and physical development. In maternal health, there was an increase in the anti-inflammatory process, better immune response, improvement in the neurotrophic effect of the brain, increased metabolism, hormonal improvement, lower cardiovascular risk, lesser neurological disorders (including depression) and visual disturbances. Conclusion:More studies are needed to elucidate the benefits of omega-3 supplementation in postpartum pregnant women.

Objetivo: Mostrar, a través de una revisión integradora, los resultados clínicos actuales del impacto del consumo de omega 3 en la depresión posparto. Método:Revisión integrativa de la literatura realizada de febrero a julio de 2023 en las bases de datos Pubmed, LILACS, Medline y Scielo. Resultados:Se realizó una búsqueda de determinados descriptores de salud y se seleccionaron 5producciones científicas que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. En general, los estudios mostraron relaciones con la salud del bebé y de la madre. En el bebé hubo un aumento del crecimiento intrauterino, mayor respuesta del sistema nervioso central,mejor desarrollo neural, retiniano, inmunológico, cognitivo y físico. En salud materna, hubo aumento del proceso antiinflamatorio, mejor respuesta inmunológica, mejora del efecto neurotrófico del cerebro, aumento del metabolismo, mejora hormonal, menor riesgo cardiovascular, menos trastornos neurológicos (incluyendo depresión) y alteraciones visuales. Conclusión:Se necesitan más estudios para dilucidar los beneficios de la suplementación con omega-3 en mujeres embarazadas posparto

Amamentação e depressão pós-parto: revisão integrativa / Breastfeeding and postpartum depression: integrative review / Lactancia materna y depresión posparto: revisión integradora

Objetivo: Sintetizar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre a associação entre a depressão pós-parto e amamentação. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados IBECS; LILACS; e, PubMed. A questão norteadora proposta para suscitar a presente pesquisa foi: "Quais as evidências científicas sobre a Depressão Pós-Parto e Amamentação?". Resultados: Foram encontrados 564 artigos, dos quais 36 foram incluídos para leitura na íntegra, sendo que 21 foram excluídos por não responder a pergunta norteadora e dois pelo tipo de estudo, permanecendo 13 estudos. Após a análise dos estudos, foi elencada uma categoria principal denominada Depressão Pós-Parto e Amamentação, a qual engloba três subcategorias, a saber: Autoeficácia materna; Condições maternas que ajudam na amamentação; e Fatores maternos que dificultam a amamentação. Considerações finais: A presença da Depressão Pós-Parto pode influenciar no processo de amamentação. Assim, são necessárias ações para o rastreamento precoce da Depressão Pós-Parto, cabendo aos profissionais de saúde encontrarem estratégias para prevenir seus riscos, a fim de promover uma melhor qualidade da assistência, auxiliar na diminuição de sua incidência, auxiliar na promoção do apoio social à amamentação e no desenvolvimento saudável da relação mãe-bebê.

Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct an integrative review of the literature on the association between postpartum depression and breastfeeding. Method: The IBECS, LILACS, and PubMed databases were searched using the guiding question, "What is the scientific evidence on Postpartum Depression and Breastfeeding?" A total of 564 articles were identified, and 36 were selected for full reading. Of these, 21 were excluded for not addressing the guiding question and two were excluded due to the study design, resulting in a final set of 13 studies. Results: A main category was identified, Postpartum Depression and Breastfeeding, which encompassed three subcategories: maternal self-efficacy, maternal conditions that facilitate breastfeeding, and maternal factors that hinder breastfeeding. Final considerations: The findings suggest that the presence of postpartum depression can impact the breastfeeding process. Therefore, it is essential for health professionals to screen for postpartum depression early and develop strategies to prevent its risks. These actions will promote better quality of care, reduce the incidence of postpartum depression, and enhance social support for breastfeeding, leading to healthy development of the mother-baby relationship.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión integradora de la literatura sobre la asociación entre depresión postparto y lactancia materna. Método: Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos IBECS, LILACS y PubMed utilizando la pregunta guía: "¿Cuál es la evidencia científica sobre la depresión posparto y la lactancia materna?" Se identificaron 564 artículos y se seleccionaron 36 para su lectura completa. De éstos, 21 fueron excluidos por no abordar la pregunta guía y dos fueron excluidos debido al diseño del estudio, resultando en un conjunto final de 13 estudios. Resultados: Se identificó una categoría principal, Depresión posparto y lactancia materna, que englobaba tres subcategorías: autoeficacia materna, condiciones maternas que facilitan la lactancia materna y factores maternos que dificultan la lactancia materna. Consideraciones finales: Los hallazgos sugieren que la presencia de depresión postparto puede impactar en el proceso de lactancia. Por lo tanto, es esencial que los profesionales de la salud realicen un cribado precoz de la depresión posparto y desarrollen estrategias para prevenir sus riesgos. Estas acciones promoverán una mejor calidad de la atención, reducirán la incidencia de la depresión posparto y aumentarán el apoyo social a la lactancia materna, lo que conducirá a un desarrollo saludable de la relación madre-bebé.

Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms / Suplementação de ácido fólico na gestação e sintomas depressivos pós-parto

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To verify whether folic acid supplementation during pregnancy is associated with the occurrence of maternal depressive symptoms at three months postpartum, in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort. METHODS This study included 4,046 women, who were classified into three groups: did not use folic acid supplementation during pregnancy; used during only one trimester of pregnancy; and used for two or three trimesters. Depressive symptoms were assessed at three months postpartum using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), at cutoff points ≥ 10 (mild symptoms) and ≥ 13 (moderate to severe intensity). RESULTS The overall prevalence of mild symptoms was of 20.2% (95%CI 19.0-21.5), and moderate and severe was 11% (95%CI 10.0-12.0). The prevalence of EPDS ≥ 10 was of 26.8% (95%CI 24.0-29.5) among women who did not use folic acid and 18.1% for both those who used it during one trimester of pregnancy (95%CI 16.1-20.1) and those who used it for two or three trimesters (95%CI 16.0-20.2). The prevalence of EPDS ≥ 13 was of 15.7% (95%CI 13.5-17.9) in those who did not use folic acid, 9.1% (95%CI 7.5-10.6) in those who used it for one trimester, and 9.4% (95%CI 7.8-11.0) in those who used it for two or three trimesters. In the adjusted analyses, there was no statistically significant association between the use of folic acid during pregnancy and the occurrence of depressive symptoms at three months postpartum. CONCLUSION There was no association between folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and postpartum depression at three months.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Verificar se a suplementação de ácido fólico durante a gestação está associada com a ocorrência de sintomas depressivos maternos aos três meses pós-parto, na Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 2015. MÉTODOS Este estudo incluiu 4.046 mulheres, que foram classificadas em três grupos: sem suplementação de ácido fólico na gestação; uso durante apenas um trimestre da gestação;e uso durante dois ou três trimestres. Os sintomas depressivos foram avaliados aos três meses pós-parto, através da Escala de Depressão Pós-Natal de Edimburgo (EPDS), nos pontos de corte ≥ 10 (sintomas leves) e ≥ 13 (intensidade moderada a grave). RESULTADOS A prevalência geral de sintomas leves foi de 20,2% (IC95% 19,0-21,5),e moderados e graves de 11% (IC95% 10,0-12,0). Entre as mulheres que não fizeram uso de ácido fólico, a prevalência de EPDS ≥ 10 foi de 26,8% (IC95% 24,0-29,5) e 18,1% tanto entre as que utilizaram durante um trimestre da gestação (IC95% 16,1-20,1), quanto entre as que utilizaram por dois ou três trimestres (IC95% 16,0-20,2). Já a prevalência de EPDS ≥ 13 foi 15,7% (IC95% 13,5-17,9) entre as que não utilizaram ácido fólico, 9,1% (IC95% 7,5-10,6) entre as que utilizaram durante um trimestre e 9,4% (IC95% 7,8-11,0) entre as que utilizaram por dois ou três trimestres. Nas análises ajustadas, não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre o uso de ácido fólico na gestação e a ocorrência de sintomas depressivos aos três meses pós-parto. CONCLUSÃO Não se observou associação entre a suplementação de ácido fólico na gestação e depressão pós-parto aos três meses.

Factores de riesgo relacionados con la depresión postparto / Risk factors related to postpartum depression / Fatores de risco relacionados à depressão pós-parto

El puerperio se considera una de las etapas más importantes del término del embarazo que atraviesan el cuerpo de la una mujer, donde puede ocasionar un estado de fragilidad psicológica, con la presentación de trastornos psiquiátricos, que puede aparecer de forma leve a grave en todas las mujeres posterior al parto, y hasta un año del mismo, se caracteriza por tener efectos a corto, mediano y largo plazo, en la madre, en el recién nacido y en la familia. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los factores de riesgo de mayor impacto y relevancia en la depresión postparto en Ecuador. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica narrativa de la literatura científica, de factores de riesgo relacionados a depresión postparto. Se concluyó que la depresión en la etapa postparto ha ido en aumento en los últimos años, al igual que los factores de riesgo de mayor prevalencia, destacando; el estado civil, nivel socio económico, y antecedentes de depresión previos. Los presentes hallazgos ponen de manifiesto la magnitud del problema de la depresión postparto, así como la relevancia de continuar con esta línea de investigación, formular y proponer estrategias de prevención frente a los principales factores de riesgos mencionados con anterioridad.

The puerperium is considered one of the most important stages of the term of pregnancy that a woman's body goes through, where it can cause a state of psychological fragility, with the presentation of psychiatric disorders, which can appear from mild to severe in all women after childbirth, and up to a year of it, is characterized by having short, medium and long-term effects on the mother, the newborn and the family. The objective of this study was to analyze the risk factors with the greatest impact and relevance in postpartum depression in Ecuador. A narrative bibliographic review of the scientific literature on risk factors related to postpartum depression was carried out. It was concluded that depression in the postpartum stage has been increasing in recent years, as well as the most prevalent risk factors, highlighting; marital status, socioeconomic status, and previous history of depression. These findings highlight the magnitude of the problem of postpartum depression, as well as the relevance of continuing with this line of research, formulating and proposing prevention strategies against the main risk factors mentioned above.

O puerpério é considerado uma das fases mais importantes do termo gestacional por que passa o corpo da mulher, onde pode causar um estado de fragilidade psicológica, com a apresentação de transtornos psiquiátricos, que podem se apresentar de leve a grave em todas as mulheres após parto, e até um ano dele, caracteriza-se por ter efeitos a curto, médio e longo prazo sobre a mãe, o recém-nascido e a família. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores de risco com maior impacto e relevância na depressão pós-parto no Equador. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica narrativa da literatura científica sobre fatores de risco relacionados à depressão pós-parto. Concluiu-se que a depressão na fase puerperal vem aumentando nos últimos anos, assim como os fatores de risco mais prevalentes, destacando; estado civil, situação socioeconômica e história prévia de depressão. Esses achados destacam a magnitude do problema da depressão pós-parto, bem como a relevância de continuar com essa linha de pesquisa, formulando e propondo estratégias de prevenção contra os principais fatores de risco citados acima.

Cross-cultural adaptation of The Postpartum Childcare Stress Checklist into Brazilian Portuguese / Adaptação transcultural da escala The Postpartum Childcare Stress Checklist para o Português-Brasileiro

Abstract Objectives: to carry out the cross-cultural adaptation of The Postpartum Childcare Stress Checklist scale to be used in Brazil. Methods: the cross-cultural adaptation process followed internationally defined guidelines: double translation, synthesis and back-translation, analysis by a committee of experts, proposal for a pre-final and pre-test version, analysis of the psychometrics properties and generation of the final version. The reliability and validity of the final version were analyzed through a cross-sectional epidemiological study involving 190 women in the postpartum period. Cronbach's α indicator for reliability analysis and exploratory factor analysis with main component extraction were estimated for validity analysis. Results: α-Cronbach's was 0.894. The tested Brazilian version proved to be one-dimensional and the factor analysis pointed to four factors that were very closely distributed and explained 57.8% of the variance. All items of the original instrument were maintained in the proposed final version. Conclusions: the proposed Brazilian version proved to be valid and reliable for application in Brazilian populations.

Resumo Objetivos: proceder a adaptação transcultural da escala The Postpartum Childcare Stress Checklist para ser utilizada no Brasil. Métodos: o processo de adaptação transcultural seguiu diretrizes definidas internacionalmente: dupla tradução, síntese e retrotradução, análise por comitê de especialistas, proposta de uma versão pré-final e pré-teste, avaliação das propriedades psicométricas e geração da versão final. A confabilidade e validade da versão final foram analisadas por meio de estudo epidemiológico transversal envolvendo 190 mulheres em período pós-parto. Foram estimados o indicador α-Cronbach para análise da confabilidade e análise fatorial exploratória com extração de componentes principais para análise da validade. Resultados: o indicador α- Cronbach foi de 0,894. A versão brasileira testada mostrou-se unidimensional e a análise fatorial apontou quatro fatores distribuídos de maneira muito próxima e que explicaram 57,8% da variância. Todos os itens do instrumento original foram mantidos na versão final proposta. Conclusão: a versão brasileira proposta mostrou-se válida e confável para aplicação em populações brasileiras.

Therapeutic effects of venlafaxine combined with transcranial direct current stimulation on postpartum depression in 70 patients / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of venlafaxine combined with transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of postpartum depression and its effects on neurological function.Methods:A total of 135 patients with postpartum depression who were admitted to Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital from November 2019 to October 2021 were included in this study. They were randomly divided into observation ( n = 70) and control ( n = 65) groups. The control group was treated with venlafaxine alone, and the observation group was treated with an IS200 intelligent electrical stimulator based on the treatment used in the control group. The two groups were treated for 4 weeks. Clinical efficacy and neurological function were compared between the two groups. Results:Total response rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (98.57% vs. 89.23%, χ2 = 7.61, P < 0.05). After treatment, the scores of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Hamilton Depression Scale in the observation group were (8.03 ± 0.79) points and (9.03 ± 3.98) points, respectively, which were significantly lower than (11.74 ± 0.98) points and (14.68 ± 3.79) points in the control group ( t = 3.28, 4.65, both P < 0.05). Standard deviation of heart rate variability, root mean square of successive differences between adjacent NN intervals, ratio of low frequency to high frequency, activity of the autonomic nervous system in the observation group were (32.38 ± 0.93) ms, (27.86 ± 0.78) ms, 1.79 ± 0.19, (86.65 ± 1.21) points, respectively, which were significantly higher than (27.84 ± 0.88) ms, (25.79 ± 0.81) ms, 1.38 ± 0.14, (82.94 ± 1.19) points in the control group ( t = 4.09, 3.72, 2.98, 4.09, all P < 0.05). Conclusion:Venlafaxine combined with transcranial direct current stimulation for treatment of postpartum depression can enhance clinical efficacy and remarkably improve patient's neurological function.

Common mental disorders in pregnancy and postnatal depressive symptoms in the MINA-Brazil study: occurrence and associated factors / Transtorno mental comum na gravidez e sintomas depressivos pós-natal no estudo MINA-Brasil: ocorrência e fatores associados

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the occurrence and factors associated with common mental disorders in pregnancy and depressive symptoms in postpartum, as well as the association between both in the Brazilian Western Amazon. METHODS This is a prospective cohort in the MINA-Brazil study with women who received primary health care in the town of Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre State. We performed two clinical evaluations during pregnancy (the first: 16-20 weeks; the second: 28 gestational weeks) and three postpartum evaluations (at 3, 6 and 12 months), in which demographic and socioeconomic, gestational, lifestyle and clinical data were collected. We used the Self-Reported Questionnaire (score ≥ 8) to screen the gestational common mental disorder and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (score ≥ 10) to identify postpartum depressive symptoms. We used adjusted ordinal logistic regression to investigate the relationship between the covariates and the occurrence of common mental disorders in pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptomatology. RESULTS A total of 461 women completed the two clinical evaluations in pregnancy; of these, 247 completed the three postpartum evaluations. The occurrence of common mental disorder during pregnancy was 36.2% and 24.5% in the first and second evaluations, respectively, and the cumulative incidence was 9.2%. In addition, 50.3% maintained the disorder between evaluations. During postpartum, approximately 20% of the mothers presented depressive symptoms during the first year of their children's lives. Parity (≥ 2) was associated with common mental disorders, while low maternal education was associated with postpartum depressive symptoms. Women with a common mental disorder in both evaluations during pregnancy were 5.6 times more likely (95%CI: 2.50-12.60) to develop postpartum depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION The occurrence of common mental disorder at any time assessed during pregnancy, but especially its persistence from the second trimester, was strongly associated with depressive symptoms after childbirth. These findings highlight the need for early screening and monitoring of the mental health of pregnant women at the start of prenatal care in order to reduce possible negative impacts on the health of the mother-child binomial caused by such events.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar a ocorrência e os fatores associados com os transtornos mentais comuns na gestação e sintomas depressivos no pós-parto, bem como a associação entre ambos na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. MÉTODOS Coorte prospectiva no estudo MINA-Brasil com mulheres atendidas na atenção primária à saúde de Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre. Foram realizadas duas avaliações clínicas na gestação (primeira: 16-20 semanas; segunda: 28 semanas gestacionais) e três avaliações no pós-parto (aos 3, 6 e 12 meses), nas quais foram coletados dados demográficos e socioeconômicos, gestacionais, de estilo de vida e clínicos. Utilizou-se o Self-Reported Questionnaire (escore ≥ 8) para rastreamento do transtorno mental comum gestacional e a escala de depressão pós-natal de Edimburgo (escore ≥ 10) para identificação de sintomas depressivos pós-parto. Foi utilizada regressão logística ordinal ajustada para investigar a relação entre as covariáveis e a ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns na gravidez e a sintomatologia depressiva no pós-parto. RESULTADOS Um total de 461 mulheres completaram as duas avaliações clínicas na gestação; dessas, 247 completaram as três avaliações pós-parto. A ocorrência de transtorno mental comum durante a gestação foi de 36,2% e 24,5% na primeira e segunda avaliações, respectivamente, e a incidência cumulativa foi de 9,2%. Ademais, 50,3% mantiveram o transtorno entre as avaliações. Durante o pós-parto, aproximadamente 20% das mães apresentaram sintomatologia depressiva ao longo do primeiro ano de vida de seus filhos. A paridade (≥ 2) foi associada ao transtorno mental comum, enquanto a baixa escolaridade materna associou-se com sintoma depressivo pós-parto. Mulheres com transtorno mental comum nas duas avaliações na gravidez apresentaram 5,6 vezes mais chance (IC95% 2,50-12,60) de desenvolverem sintoma depressivo pós-parto. CONCLUSÃO A ocorrência de transtorno mental comum em qualquer momento avaliado durante a gravidez, mas principalmente sua persistência a partir do segundo trimestre, foi fortemente associado ao sintoma depressivo posterior ao parto. Tais achados evidenciam a necessidade de rastreamento precoce e monitoramento da saúde mental de gestantes no início do pré-natal, a fim de reduzir possíveis impactos negativos para a saúde do binômio mãe-filho causados por tais eventos.

Sintomas de depressão pós-parto e sua associação com as características socieconômicas e de apoio social / Síntomas de la depresión posparto y su asociación con características socioeconómicas y de apoyo social / Postpartum depression symptoms and association with socieconomic and social support characteristics

Resumo Objetivo verificar a prevalência de sintomas de depressão pós-parto em puérperas atendidas em uma maternidade pública e sua associação com características socioeconômicas e de apoio social. Método estudo epidemiológico, analítico, do tipo transversal, em uma maternidade pública conduzido de agosto a outubro de 2017. A amostra de 330 puérperas foi entrevistada por meio da aplicação de um formulário, para mensuração da presença de sintomas de depressão pós-parto. Foi utilizada a escala de depressão pós-natal de Edimburgo. Já para mensuração do apoio social, foi utilizado o instrumento Medical Outcomes Study. A medida de associação adotada foi a razão de prevalência (RP) com intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%), e aplicada a regressão de Poisson ajustada. Resultados a prevalência de sintomas de DPP foi de 29,7%. A idade entre 14 e 24 anos (PR:1,60; 95%CI: 1,10-2,34), ter até 8 anos de escolaridade (RP:1,39; IC95%:1,01-2,14) e o baixo nível de suporte social afetivo (RP:1,52; IC95%:1,07-2,14) e emocional (RP:2,12; IC95%:1,41-3,19) estiveram associados à maior prevalência de sintomas de DPP. Conclusão e implicações para a prática nesse contexto, os profissionais de saúde podem possuir um papel essencial no qual podem desenvolver, em conjunto, um plano de cuidados de acordo com as necessidades da mulher em período gravídico-puerperal.

Resumen Objetivo verificar la prevalencia de síntomas de depresión posparto en mujeres posparto atendidas en una maternidad pública y su asociación con características socioeconómicas y de apoyo social. Método estudio analítico transversal en una maternidad pública realizada entre agosto y octubre de 2017. La muestra de 330 puérperas fue entrevistada mediante la aplicación de un formulario, para medir la presencia de síntomas de depresión postparto. Se utilizó la Escala de Depresión Postnatal de Edimburgo. Para medir el apoyo social se utilizó el instrumento Medical Outcomes Study. La medida de asociación adoptada fue la razón de prevalencia (RP) con intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC del 95%) y se aplicó la regresión de Poisson ajustada. Resultados la prevalencia de síntomas de DPP fue de 29,7%. Edad entre 14 y 24 años (PR:1,60; 95%CI: 1,10-2,34), tener hasta 8 años de escolaridad (RP: 1,39; IC 95%: 1,01 - 2,14) y el bajo nivel de apoyo social afectivo (RP: 1,52; IC del 95%: 1,07 - 2,14) y emocional (RP: 2,12; IC del 95%: 1,41-3,19) se asociaron con una mayor prevalencia de síntomas de PPD. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica en este contexto, los profesionales de la salud pueden jugar un papel fundamental en el que puedan desarrollar conjuntamente un plan de cuidados acorde a las necesidades de la mujer en el período gestacional-puerperal.

Abstract Objective to verify the prevalence of postpartum depression symptoms in postpartum women assisted at a public maternity hospital and its association with socioeconomic and social support characteristics. Method this is an epidemiological, analytical, cross-sectional study in a public maternity hospital conducted from August to October 2017. A sample of 330 postpartum women was interviewed using a form to measure the presence postpartum depression symptoms. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used. To measure social support, the Medical Outcomes Study instrument was used. The measure of association adopted was the prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), and adjusted Poisson regression was applied. Results the prevalence of PPD symptoms was 29.7%. Age between 14 and 24 years (PR:1.60; 95%CI: 1.10-2.34), have up to 8 years of education (PR:1.39; 95%CI: 1.01-2.14) and the low level of affective (PR:1.52; 95%CI: 1.07-2.14) and emotional (PR:2.12; 95%CI: 1.41-3.19) social support were associated with higher prevalence of PPD symptoms. Conclusion and implications for practice in this context, health professionals can play an essential role in which they can jointly develop a care plan according to the needs of women in the pregnancy-puerperal period.

Influencing factors of postpartum depression/anxiety in Jinping Area, Yunnan Province / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the positive rate of postpartum depression/anxiety screening and its associated factors in Jinping area, Yunnan Province.Methods:This cross-sectional survey involved 761 women who delivered live, singleton infants at or after 28 gestational weeks from October 2019 to February 2021 in the People's Hospital of Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. A questionnaire survey on childbirth and upbringing, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (defined as positive when ≥9 score), and the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (defined as positive when ≥50 score) were conducted at postpartum day 1 to 3. General obstetric information and medical history were also retrieved from medical records. The risk factors of maternal depression and anxiety were analyzed using Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression. Results:All 761 parturients completed the questionnaire. The total positive rate was 7.49% (57/761) for depression screening and 8.02% (61/761) for anxiety screening. Univariate analysis showed that postpartum hemorrhage, intrapartum infection and puerperal morbidity, neonates being transferred to the pediatric ward, attendance of prenatal classes during pregnancy, whether the neonatal gender was in line with the maternal and family expectations were all associated with both postpartum depression and postpartum anxiety. In addition, an association was found between gravidity, parity, delivery mode and postpartum depression, as well as accompanied delivery, breastfeeding and postpartum anxiety (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that postpartum hemorrhage ( OR=1.934, 95% CI: 1.010-3.704), neonates being transferred to the pediatric ward ( OR=1.990, 95% CI: 1.037-3.816), and not attending prenatal classes during pregnancy ( OR=3.393, 95% CI: 1.166-9.872) were the risk factors for postpartum depression; neonates being transferred to the pediatric ward ( OR=1.972, 95% CI: 1.040-3.740) and non-breastfeeding ( OR=2.174, 95% CI: 1.077-4.389) were risk factors for postpartum anxiety (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Parturients in Jinping area of Yunnan Province were at a lower risk of postpartum depression/anxiety. Active attendance at prenatal classes and breastfeeding may help reduce the risk of postpartum depression/anxiety.

Influencing factors for positive results in early postpartum depression screening / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the risk factors associated with the positive results of early postpartum depression screening.Methods:This study involved 2 889 women who were negative in prenatal depression screening and delivered in the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province from 1 March to 30 April 2021. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score, Adaptation Partnership Growth Affection Resolve (APGAR) score, and related living habits of the enrolled subjects were investigated on the 5th to 7th day after delivery. All patients were divided into two groups with 2 354 in the negative group (EPDS score<13) and 535 in the positive group (EPDS score≥13), based on the EPDS scores at 5 to 7 days postpartum. Chi-square test, trend Chi-square test, and rank-sum test were used for univariate analysis. Risk factors associated with positive depression screening were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Results:Univariate analysis suggested that there were statistically significant differences between the two groups in maternal personality, marital relationship, family functioning, sleep quality during pregnancy, smoking and drinking habits during pregnancy, prenatal EPDS score, mode of delivery, whether or not to have intrapartum cesarean section and forceps delivery, duration of labor in vaginal delivery, the proportions of puerperae and neonates who were transferred to intensive care unit (ICU), twin pregnancy, placenta previa, abnormal fetal position, premature birth, postpartum hemorrhage, and having three or more complication (all P<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis suggested that extravertion ( OR=0.483, 95% CI:0.369-0.632), good marital relations ( OR=0.540, 95% CI:0.422-0.691) and good sleep during pregnancy ( OR=0.340, 95% CI:0.245-0.471) were protective factors for early postpartum depression, while introversion ( OR=1.632, 95% CI:1.275-2.088), poor marital relations ( OR=3.495, 95% CI: 1.946-6.276), moderate family dysfuntion ( OR=4.038, 95% CI:2.667-6.114) and severe family dysfunction ( OR=20.234, 95% CI: 2.446-167.364), smoking ( OR=2.071, 95% CI:1.315-3.263) and drinking during pregnancy ( OR=1.924, 95% CI:1.142-3.243), twin pregnancy ( OR=2.680, 95% CI:1.435-5.005), placenta previa ( OR=2.567, 95% CI:1.316-5.009), having three or more complications ( OR=1.876, 95% CI: 1.316-2.674), forceps delivery ( OR=3.043, 95% CI:1.185-7.816), intrapartum cesarean section ( OR=1.917, 95% CI:1.232-2.982), postpartum hemorrhage ( OR=1.668, 95% CI:1.069-2.604), and postpartum ICU admission ( OR=2.601, 95% CI: 1.112-6.086) were risk factors for early postpartum depression. Conclusions:Healthy living habits, and good mood contribute to decreasing postpartum depression in pregnant women. Education for parturients with serious illness or complications should be strengthened to help develop a proper understanding of the disease.

Factors influencing breastfeeding in parturients admitted to intensive care unit / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To investigate and analyze the factors influencing breastfeeding in parturients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU).Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted on parturients from the ICU of Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province from March 1 to August 31, 2020, whose delivery information and reasons for ICU admission were retrieved from the electronic medical record system. Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES), Emotion Regulation Scale (ERS), and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores were assessed between postpartum day 3-7. Half a year after delivery, basic information about the parturients, sources of available breastfeeding knowledge, and breastfeeding data were surveyed through Wenjuanxing, an online questionnaire platform. Wilcoxon test, t-test, Chi-square test (or calibration Chi-square, or Fisher's exact test), trend test, and binary logistic regression were adopted for statistical analysis. Results:A total of 138 parturients were enrolled and divided into the breastfeeding group ( n=117) and bottle-feeding group ( n=21). Both mixed feeding and exclusive breastfeeding women were eligible for the breastfeeding group, which were further classified as subgroup A (breastfeeding ≥6 months, n=67) and subgroup B (breastfeeding <6 months, n=50). A higher breastfeeding rate was observed in parturients with good or excellent postpartum appetite ["average", "good" and "excellent" in both groups were 21.4%(25/117), 59.8%(70/117) and 18.8%(22/117) vs 85.7%(18/21), 14.3%(3/21) and 0.0%(0/21), χ2=27.29], adequate daily sleep [defined as ≥ 6 hours per day, 87.2%(102/117) vs 57.2%(12/21), χ2=10.99], higher BSES [107.00(92.00-122.00) vs 55.00(50.00- 68.50), Z=6.41], and ERS score [52.00(45.50-59.00) vs 38.00(27.05-42.50), Z=5.05], and access to breastfeeding knowledge through hospital education [59.0%(69/117) vs 4.8%(1/21), χ2=18.82] and self-study [62.4% (73/117) vs 33.3% (7/21), χ2=6.17] (all P<0.05). At the same time, those who had postpartum hemorrhage [18.8% (22/117) vs 42.9% (9/21), χ2=5.91], pregnancy complicated by heart disease [5.1% (6/117) vs 23.8% (5/21), χ2=8.47], and EPDS score≥13 [13.7% (16/117) vs 61.9% (13/21), χ2=24.95] had a lower breastfeeding rate (all P<0.05). Patients with good postpartum appetite ["average", "good" and "excellent" in both groups were 7.5%(5/67), 68.7%(46/67) and 23.9%(16/67) vs 40.0%(20/50), 48.0%(24/50)and 12.0%(6/50), χ2=13.96], adequate daily sleep [94.0% (63/67) vs 78% (39/50), χ2=6.57], higher BSES [115.00(106.00-131.00) vs 92.50 (68.00-104.00), Z=6.29], and ERS score [57.00(54.00-60.00) vs 45.50(38.00-50.00), Z=7.80] accounted for a higher proportion in subgroup A, while those with insufficiency lactation [41.8% (28/67) vs 76.0% (38/50), χ2=13.63], postpartum hemorrhage [9.0% (6/67) vs 32.0% (16/50), χ2=9.96], and EPDS score≥13[7.5%(5/67) vs 22.0%(11/50), χ2=5.13] accounted for lower proportion (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that good postpartum appetite ( OR=8.016, 95% CI: 1.908-33.679; OR=2.227, 95% CI: 1.059-4.682) and adequate hospital breastfeeding education ( OR=30.013, 95% CI: 3.022-298.047; OR=2.596, 95% CI: 1.035-6.512) were the promoting factors for both breastfeeding and duration more than six months, while EPDS score≥13 ( OR=0.179, 95% CI: 0.044-0.720) was a hindering factor for its ibreastfeeding and insufficient lactation ( OR=0.230, 95% CI: 0.091-0.582), and postpartum hemorrhage ( OR=0.288, 95% CI: 0.087-0.947) were barriers to breastfeeding ≥6 months. Conclusions:Appetite, sleep, access to the knowledge of breastfeeding, maternal complications, family support, and emotion can affect the rate and duration of breastfeeding in parturients admitted to ICU, for whom early assessment of basic information, active treatment of complications, breastfeeding education, and guidance from health professionals, and more family and social support can be helpful.

Prevalência de sintomas depressivos pós-parto e sua associação com a violência: estudo transversal, Cariacica, Espírito Santo, 2017 / Prevalencia de síntomas depresivos posparto y su asociación con la violencia: estudio transversal, Cariacica, Espírito Santo, Brasil, 2017 / Prevalence of postpartum depression symptoms and their association with violence: a cross-sectional study, Cariacica, Espírito Santo, Brazil, 2017

Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos pós-parto entre puérperas e sua associação com a violência. Métodos: Estudo transversal com puérperas atendidas em uma maternidade pública de Cariacica, ES, Brasil, em 2017. Utilizou-se questionário elaborado pelos autores e instrumentos validados. Na análise, realizou-se teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e a associação foi apresentada por razão de prevalências (RP) e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: A prevalência de sintomas depressivos pós-parto foi 36,7% (IC95% 31,6;42,0). Renda familiar total associou-se inversamente com essa prevalência (p<0,05). Puérperas solteiras (RP=1,75 - IC95% 1,17;2,64), que desejaram abortar (RP=1,96 - IC95% 1,50;2,56), que consumiram bebida alcoólica na gestação (RP=1,37 - IC95% 1,00;1,86), que vivenciaram violência por parceiro íntimo na vida (RP=1,94 - IC95% 1,38;2,73) e na gravidez (RP=1,41 - IC95% 1,07;1,85) tiveram maiores prevalências de sintomas depressivos. Conclusão: Sintomas depressivos pós-parto associam-se a situação conjugal, desejo de realizar aborto, consumo de álcool na gestação e violência por parceiro íntimo.

Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos posparto en puérperas y su asociación con la violencia. Métodos: Estudio transversal con puérperas atendidas en una maternidad pública de Cariacica, ES, Brasil, en 2017. Se utilizó un cuestionario elaborado por los autores e instrumentos validados. En el análisis se realizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson y la asociación se presentó por razón de prevalencia (RP) e intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: La prevalencia de síntomas depresivos posparto fue del 36,7% (IC95% 31,6;42,0). El ingreso familiar total se asoció inversamente con esta prevalencia (p<0,05). Madres solteras (RP=1,75 - IC95% 1,17;2,64), que deseaban abortar (RP=1,96 - IC95% 1,50;2,56), que consumieron alcohol durante el embarazo (RP=1,37 - IC95% 1,00;1,86), que experimentaron violencia de pareja íntima en la vida (RP=1,94 - IC95% 1,38;2,73) y durante el embarazo (RP=1,41 - IC95% 1,07;1,85) tuvieron una mayor prevalencia de síntomas depresivos. Conclusión: Los síntomas depresivos posparto están asociados con el estado civil, el deseo de abortar, el consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo y la violencia de la pareja íntima.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of postpartum depression symptoms among puerperal women and their association with violence. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with puerperal women cared for at a public maternity hospital in Cariacica, ES, Brazil, in 2017. A questionnaire prepared by the authors and validated instruments were used. Pearson's chi-square test was performed in the analysis and association was expressed in prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: Postpartum depression symptom prevalence was 36.7% (95%CI 31.6;42.0). Total family income was inversely associated with this prevalence (p<0.05). Mothers who were single (PR=1.75 - 95%CI 1.17;2.64), wished to abort (PR=1.96 - 95%CI 1.50;2.56), drank alcohol during pregnancy (PR=1.37 - 95%CI 1.00;1.86), experienced intimate partner violence in their lifetime (PR=1.94 - 95%CI 1.38;2.73), and during pregnancy (PR=1.41 - 95%CI 1.07;1.85), had higher prevalence of depression symptoms. Conclusion: Postpartum depression symptoms are associated with marital status, wanting to abort, alcohol consumption during pregnancy and intimate partner violence.

Progress on association of perinatal depression and neurobehavioral development in offspring / 中华围产医学杂志

Perinatal depression can cause adverse effects not only on maternal physical and mental health, but also abnormalities or damage to the brain structure and function of the offspring, resulting in short- or long-term effects on neurobehavioral development. This review summarizes the progress in this field and elaborates the mechanism from a neuroendocrinology and epigenetics point of view.

Effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation on sleep quality after cesarean section and postpartum depression in parturients with sleep disorders / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on the sleep quality after cesarean section and postpartum depression in parturients with sleep disorder.Methods:A total of 225 parturients, aged 20-45 yr, weighing 50-80 kg, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ, scheduled for elective cesarean section, were enrolled in this study.The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale was used to investigate the sleep quality before operation.PSQI score<7 was defined as having no sleep disorder, and the patients were included in the non-sleep disorder group (NSD group, n=76). PSQI score≥7 was defined as having sleep disorder, and the patients were randomly divided into sleep disorder group (SD group, n=73) and TEAS group ( n=76). Routine combined spinal-epidural anesthesia was performed in NSD group and SD group.In TEAS group, Neiguan, Baihui, Zusanli and Sanyinjiao acupoints were selected for performing TEAS from the completion of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia to the end of operation, and TEAS was performed for 30 min on the 1st and 2nd days after operation.Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia was applied after operation in the three groups.The blood samples were taken from the cubital vein before operation and at 1 and 2 days after operation for determination of the plasma melatonin and prolactin concentrations (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). The Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ) was used to evaluate the quality of sleep before operation and at 1, 2 and 7 days after operation.The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale was used to evaluate the postpartum depression at 6 weeks after operation. Results:Compared with NSD group, LSEQ scores were significantly decreased at each time point after operation, the incidence of postpartum depression was increased, and the concentrations of plasma melatonin and prolactin were decreased, and the lactation initiation time was prolonged in SD group ( P<0.05). Compared with SD group, LSEQ scores were significantly increased at each time point after operation, the incidence of postpartum depression was decreased, and the concentrations of plasma melatonin and prolactin were increased, and the lactation initiation time was shortened in TEAS group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:TEAS can raise the the sleep quality after cesarean section and reduce the occurrence of postpartum depression in the parturients with sleep disorders.

Effects of PCIA with esketamine on postpartum depression in puerpera undergoing cesarean section / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effects of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) with esketamine on postpartum depression (PPD) in puerpera undergoing cesarean section.Methods:A total of 300 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients, aged 25-35 yr, with body mass index≤35 kg/m 2, scheduled for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, were divided into 2 groups ( n=150 each) by a random number table method: control group (group C) and esketamine group (group E). PCIA was performed at the end of surgery.In group C, the PCIA solution contained sufentanil citrate 50 μg, butorphanol tartrate 12 mg and metoclopramide injection 20 mg in 200 ml of 0.9% normal saline.In group E, the PCIA solution contained esketamine 1 mg/kg, sufentanil citrate 50 μg, butorphanol tartrate 12 mg and metoclopramide injection 20 mg in 200 ml of 0.9% normal saline.The PCA pump was set to deliver a background infusion of 4 ml/h and a bolus dose of 4 ml at 30 min lockout interval.The analgesia lasted for 48 h after surgery, and the visual analog scale (VAS) score was maintained<4 points.Acetaminophen 0.5 g was administered orally as a rescue analgesic when VAS score≥4 points and pain was still unrelieved after PCA pump was pressed twice in a row.The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was performed at 1 day before and at 3, 7 and 42 days after surgery.Depression was classified on EPDS as mild (score≥10) and severe (score≥13). The patients with preoperative depression were excluded from the study.The occurrence and degree of depression were recorded.The requirement for rescue analgesia within 0-6 h, 6-12 h, 12-24 h and 24-48 h after surgery and development of adverse effects within 3 days after surgery were recorded. Results:Compared with group C, the incidence of PPD was significantly decreased and degree was reduced at 3 and 7 days after surgery, incidence of rescue analgesia was decreased in different time periods ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the incidence of adverse effects in group E ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Esketamine can not only provide good postoperative analgesia but also improve PPD in puerpera when it is used for PCIA after cesarean section.

Functional MRI observation on spontaneous neural activity based on resting-state fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation in patients with postpartum depression / 中国医学影像技术

Objective: To explore spontaneous neuronal activity in patients with postpartum depression (PPD) under fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (fALFF) with resting-state functional MRI (fMRI). Methods: Resting-state fMRI data of 23 PPD patients (PPD group), 28 healthy postpartum women (HPW group) and 20 women with major depressive disorder (MDD group) were collected. fALFF technology was used to observe spontaneous neural activity of all subjects. fALFF values were extracted from different regions in PPD group and HPW group, and their correlations with Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) score were analyzed. Results: Compared with HPW group, fALFF values of left posterior cingulate gyrus, left precuneus, left middle occipital gyrus, left inferior occipital gyrus and right calcarine cortex increased (AlphaSim correction, all P<0.05), whereas of right orbital inferior frontal gyrus, right insula, right olfactory cortex and right hippocampus decreased in PPD group (AlphaSim correction, all P<0.05). Compared with MDD group, fALFF values of right lingual gyrus and right cerebellum increased (AlphaSim correction, both P<0.05), but of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right precuneus, left superior parietal gyrus, left angular gyrus, right medial lateral cingulate gyrus and right inferior temporal gyrus decreased in PPD group (AlphaSim correction, all P<0.05). fALFF value of right orbital inferior frontal gyrus was negatively correlated with EPDS score in PPD group (r=-0.53, P=0.01). Conclusion: Abnormal spontaneous activities exist in brain regions related with emotional and cognitive function in PPD patients, and fALFF value of right orbital inferior frontal gyrus is closely related to the severity of depression. fALFF expression of PPD is not completely consistent with that of MDD patients, and the neurological changes of PPD may have some characteristics.

Factores asociados a depresión posparto / Associated factors for postpartum depression

RESUMEN Fundamento: la depresión posparto afecta a la mujer entre los primeros tres y seis días luego del parto. Objetivo: determinar la incidencia y los factores asociados a la aparición de depresión posparto en puérperas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo de corte transversal en un universo de 139 puérperas fisiológicas residentes en Bartolomé Masó de la provincia Granma, en el último semestre del año 2018. Se realizó una entrevista estructurada que incluía como instrumento de pesquiza la Escala de Depresión Posparto de Edimburgo, se consideró que 10 puntos o más suponen la presencia de depresión. Resultados: la depresión posparto tuvo una incidencia alta en la población al asociarse estadísticamente a la edad menor de 20 años, el estado civil soltera, la tenencia de dos hijos, el antecedente de depresión previo al embarazo y el antecedente de violencia. La presencia de la enfermedad tuvo un riesgo de ideación suicida muy elevado. Conclusiones: la depresión posparto es una enfermedad prevenible con una morbilidad oculta importante, lo que la convierte en un problema de salud demandante de mayor atención por parte de las autoridades sanitarias.

ABSTRACT Background: the postpartum depression affects the woman among the 3 to first 6 days after labor. Objective: to establish the incidence and associated factors to the appearance of postpartum depression in postpartum mothers. Methods: a quantitative study of traverse court in a universe of 139 physiologic postpartum mothers resident in Bartolomé Masó town, Granma, in the last semester of the year 2018. It was carried out a structured interview that included inquiry instrument the Edinburgh Scale for Postpartum Depression being considered that 10 points or more supposes the depression presence. Results: the postpartum depression had a high incidence in the population associating statistically to the age smaller than 20 years, the single civil state, the holding of 2 children, the depression antecedents foresaw to the pregnancy and the antecedent of violence. The presence of the decease had a risk of very high suicidal ideation. Conclusions: the postpartum depression is a preventable decease with an important hidden morbidity, what transforms it into a problem of health plaintiff of more attention on the part of the sanitary authorities.

Sensitivity and specificity of the three Whooley and Arroll questions for detecting perinatal depression in Mexican women / Sensibilidad y especificidad de las tres preguntas de Whooley y Arroll para detectar depresión perinatal en mujeres mexicanas

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Two Whooley questions and the Arroll question, using the SCID, The Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-I) as the gold standard for detecting perinatal depression. Materials and methods: We interviewed 210 women during pregnancy and 6 months postpartum. Results: The criterion with the greatest sensitivity was responding positively to either Whooley question (pregnancy= 94.7 %; postpartum=100.0%), while the most specific criterion was responding positively to the two Whooley questions plus the Arroll question (Pregnancy=90.0% Postpartum = 85.7%). Conclusion: The Whooley and Arroll questions have adequate psychometric properties to detect possible cases of depression during the perinatal period. They can be applied during prenatal check-ups and postpartum consultations. Timely detection of women at risk of perinatal depression can contribute to their treatment for reducing their adverse consequences in mothers and infants.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la sensibilidad y la especificidad de la Escala de las dos preguntas de Whooley y la pregunta de Arroll para detectar riesgo de depresión perinatal, usando la SCID como estándar de oro. Material y métodos: Se entrevistó a 210 mujeres durante el embarazo y 6 meses después del parto. Resultados: El criterio con mayor sensibilidad fue responder positivamente a cualquiera de las Preguntas de Whooley (embarazo = 94.7%; posparto = 100.0%) y, el más específico, responder positivamente a las preguntas de Whooley más la de Arroll (embarazo = 90.0% , Posparto = 85.7%). Conclusiones: Las preguntas de Whooley y Arroll tienen propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para detectar posibles casos de depresión durante el periodo perinatal. Pueden aplicarse durante las citas de control prenatal y consultas en el postparto. Detectar de manera oportuna a mujeres en riesgo de depresión perinatal puede ayudar a su atención para reducir sus consecuencias adversas en madres e infantes.

Brexanolone: a new drug for postpartum depression / 中国基层医药

Brexanolone, also known as 3a, 5a-tetrahydroprogesterone, is a metabolite of progesterone and an important neuroactive steroid with a wide range of biological activities.Recently, the most exciting thing is that 2019 year the FDA has approved its treatment of postpartum depression, which is also the only drug to obtain indications for postpartum depression.It is expected to officially enter the market by the end of June 2019 year.This article reviews the research progress of its pharmacological action.

Clinical observation of amitriptyline combined with Xiaoyao Powder in the treatment of postpartum depression / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To investigate the clinical effect of amitriptyline combined with Xiaoyao Powder in the treatment of postpartum depression.@*Methods@#From January 2018 to February 2018, 128 patients with postpartum depression in the Second People's Hospital of Lishui were selected.The patients were randomly divided into observation group and control group according to the digital table, with 64 cases in each group.The observation group was treated with Chinese and western medicine (amitriptyline combined with Xiaoyao Powder), and the control group was treated with amitriptyline alone.The self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS) score, and the concise health survey scale (SF-36) score before and after treatment were compared between the two groups.@*Results@#The SDS scores of the two groups were decreased after treatment (t=4.564, 3.656, P=0.012, 0.027), and the SDS score of the observation group was lower than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P=0.035). The SDS scores had no statistically significant difference between the two groups before treatment (P=0.961). The SAS scores in the two groups were decreased after treatment (t=4.352, 3.432, P=0.015, 0.029). The SAS score of the observation group was lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (t=3.021, P=0.038). After treatment, the scores of SF-36 in the observation group were significantly increased (all P<0.05), and the comparison of various indicators: emotional function (t=2.951, P=0.048), vitality (t=3.012, P=0.042), mental health (t=3.131, P=0.043), social function (t=2.967, P=0.048), physical pain (3.320, P=0.039), physiological function (t=3.467, P=0.038), physiological function (t=3.986, P=0.035), overall health (t=4.045, P=0.021), which had statistically significant differences compared with the control group.@*Conclusion@#Amitriptyline combined with Xiaoyao Powder in the treatment of postpartum depression can significantly improve the quality of life and improve the anxiety and depressive symptoms of patients, which is better than amitriptyline alone.